Reverse Osmosis for Wastewater Recycling Essay

Reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, or groundwater basin replenishment, is growing in response to environmental and economic concerns. One of the key factors involved in recycling wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent for another use is the need to reduce total dissolved solids (TDS). This is often done by using a reverse osmosis (RO) system, which relies on pressure differential to force a solution (in this case, water) through a membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side. While extremely effective on biologically treated wastewater, RO systems need to be coupled with an effective pretreatment system to avoid common issues that can result in system failure, including plugging, fouling, and scaling. One of the most effective pretreatment options for wastewater applications is membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology, in which a membrane process like ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration is combined with a suspended growth bioreactor. MBR provides high quality feed water to the RO, minimizes footprint and the cost of civil works, and reduces treatment plant downtime, thereby reducing operating costs. Koch Membrane Systems’ PURON ® submerged MBR technology has successfully been used as the pretreatment option for challenging industrial and municipal water reuse RO systems, and can help make water recycling technologies more cost-effective. Reverse Osmosis Systems Present Challenges for Water Reuse Pretreatment methods are critical when designing RO systems. For example, RO membranes used for most water reuse applications contain a brine spacer, typically made of low density polyethylene mesh netting. If there is a high level of suspended solids in the feed water, this brine spacer can become plugged. Another issue is the high levels of organics contained in many biologically treated wastewaters, which are rejected by the RO membrane and progressively concentrated as the water flows across the membranes. This concentration of organics can foul the membrane, especially towards the RO system outlet. Biofouling can also occur, because the organics in wastewater make an excellent food source for microorganisms. Also, some treated wastewaters contain high levels of bacteria, so biogrowth may occur quickly even if RO feed water is disinfected. Finally, calcium phosphate scaling can cause problems with RO systems operating on some wastewaters. The scaling can be mitigated by operating at lower water recovery, using acid or other antiscalant to minimize scaling, or modifying the operating conditions of the WWTP to reduce the amount of phosphate in the RO feed. These plugging, fouling, and scaling issues mean that the RO system needs to be operated at higher pressures, leading to increased power consumption, increased chemical costs for cleaning, and a shorter membrane life. How can these challenges be minimized and overall water reuse system lifecycle costs reduced? Effective pretreatment of the feedwater before it flows through the RO system is the answer, provided that the pretreatment steps are chosen carefully to ensure that the RO system can work as intended. Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment Options There are many different pretreatment options, and the best for a particular process depends on power, chemical, labor and land costs, wastewater source, and the existing wastewater treatment system. Conventional Pretreatment The conventional effluent pretreatment scheme might be primary treatment, biological treatment and, the most crucial part of the process, solids-liquid separation using secondary clarification. The conventional sedimentation process often doesn’t remove enough bacteria and suspended solids, so sand filtration may be added to improve the solids-liquid separation and provide higher quality water to feed the RO system. Using ferric chloride along with the sand filtration may enhance solids and organics removal. However, upsets in the secondary clarifier can lead to effluent with higher levels of TSS and BOD, causing plugging of the brine spacer with suspended solids and organic fouling. Also, power consumption for RO systems with this type of pretreatment tends to be high, and membrane life is often quite short. Lime-softening has been somewhat more successful in protecting the RO membranes, but this increases operating costs and does not totally prevent fouling of RO membranes. Ultrafiltration Improves Suspended Solids Removal As RO Pretreatment Many of today’s water reuse systems use an ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatment step to emove suspended solids. These systems typically use hollow fiber UF membranes, which do an excellent job of providing water with low suspended solids to feed the RO system. However, the UF system is an extra treatment step, requiring additional footprint, and adding to operating costs. The UF system may also be susceptible to upsets from a conventional WWTP, which can further increase its operating costs. Membrane Bioreactor As RO Pretreatment With an MBR, the UF membranes are submerged in the activated sludge to combine the biological step and the solid-liquid separation into a single process. The membrane acts as a barrier, which improves the effluent quality. The MBR eliminates the secondary clarifier and does not rely on gravity for liquid-solids separation and so allows the activated sludge to operate with a higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration. The increased MLSS concentration reduces bioreactor tank volume, saving footprint and capital construction costs. Overall, the MBR process reduces footprint significantly compared to the combination of conventional activated sludge followed by sand filtration or ultrafiltration. The footprint savings due to the wastewater treatment plant alone can be as much as 50 percent, along with additional footprint savings from eliminating other filtration steps. Using MBR technology also simplifies the overall treatment train, minimizing the number of unit operations. Benefits Of Koch Membrane Systems’ PURON MBR Technology Koch Membrane Systems’ PURON submerged hollow fiber UF module offers robust, cost effective solutions for RO pretreatment. The patented membrane module contains hollow fibers, the lower ends of which are fixed in a header. The upper ends are individually sealed and are free to move laterally, as shown in Figure 1. The PURON module is submerged in the mixed liquor. All solids and particulates remain on the outside of the fibers while permeate flows in an outside-in pattern by means of a vacuum that evacuates permeate through the inside of the hollow fiber. | The free moving fibers, combined with central air scour aeration, ensure stable filtration during plant operation, long membrane life, and lower operating costs due to reduced need for energy, cleaning and maintenance. PURON MBR has been used successfully as the pretreatment step for a number of challenging industrial wastewater systems. For example, a Belgian firm that manufactures chemicals for film processing and printing uses large amounts of fresh water for cleaning and production. The firm began reusing its wastewater to reduce its fresh water costs, and selected an RO system to produce water with the low salt and nitrogen content required for its process. The firm installed a PURON submerged hollow fiber MBR as the pretreatment step prior to the RO, and the system has been operating successfully since 2005. Another example is an Australian malt-producing company that sought to reduce its use of fresh water by recycling its wastewater. PURON MBR technology was selected as the pretreatment step for the RO system, since it provided the best quality water to feed the RO while minimizing overall operating costs. The MegaMagnum ® RO system recovers the MBR effluent as product water for reuse. The system has been running since 2006. In fact, the RO permeate quality is equal to or better than the local potable water supply. Space & Cost Considerations Treatment operation footprint is a primary consideration in developing the best treatment system. Since the PURON MBR system reduces the volume of the bioreactor tanks and eliminates the secondary clarifier, the footprint for an MBR process is much smaller than tertiary filtration steps with sand filtration or UF. If space is limited, MBR may be the only pretreatment choice that fits in the available space. Other considerations include costs of land, civil works, equipment, power, chemicals and labor, and the payback period used. High land and civil costs tend to favor MBR use. For large municipal treatment facilities requiring RO as a final treatment step, an MBR should compare favorably to conventional wastewater treatment as a pretreatment step prior to RO. In a 20-year analysis the municipality should realize savings in RO membrane replacement and power as a result of the MBR pretreatment step. For an industrial company looking at a short payback, the preference for conventional or MBR technology will depend on the relative cost of civil works and land versus the equipment cost. Conclusions Using RO systems to reclaim and recycle wastewater effluent is growing rapidly, and Koch Membrane System’s PURON MBR technology is now being considered as the pretreatment option for an increasing number of industrial and municipal reuse applications. The PURON submerged membrane modules provide high quality feed water to the RO, minimize footprint and the cost of civil works, and reduce the susceptibility of the RO treatment train to upsets. PURON is a trademark of Koch Membrane Systems GmbH and is registered in Austria, Benelux, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Taiwan and the United Kingdom. MegaMagnum is a registered trademark of Koch Membrane Systems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Wastewater Recycling for the Stone Fabrication Industry As a stone fabricator you’re looking for a wastewater treatment system that keeps you in compliance, but wouldn’t it be nice to save some money too? That’s where our wastewater recycling and treatment systems come in. These zero discharge, closed loop systems collect the water you use for polishing, cutting, and other processes; cleans it thoroughly, and recycles it so you can use it again. Your wastewater is never discharged into the public system during this process, so you have no chance of being out of compliance. Between the money you’ll save on non-compliance fees and the reduced cost of your water bill, the return on your investment will be substantial. And because we use the most durable, well-designed components on the market in each wastewater recycling system, you can be sure this system will run efficiently for as long as you need it to. We even design and manufacture some of those components in house, including: * Filter presses * Clarifier systems * Chlorine dioxide generators * Control panels * More The solid, smart construction of our zero discharge wastewater recycling systems results in a wide variety of beneficial features, including automation options, expandable filter presses that can accommodate your business as it grows, the ability to accommodate flow rates for 10 GPM – 200 GPM, the ability to filter solids water down to below 1 micron, and more.

Hydroponics3 essays

Hydroponics3 essays Imagine being able to grow plants and/or crops everyday of the year in smaller spaces without the use of any soil. Hydroponics is a soiless agriculture that does just this. The idea for the use of plant growth without any soil was developed in the eighteen hundreds. Hydroponic gardening is an old idea yet new methods have been formed to give you three hydroponic gardening options. These three options are defined by uses of different mediums. Fifteen to twenty minutes of care per day can produce beautiful plants and enough food to feed one family a day. Hydroponic environments are indoors so weather changes do not effect them. All mediums use certain solutions which vary with different types of mediums. Hydroponic environments are easy to build and easy to take care of and the advantages are great. This form of agriculture is one of man's simple yet helpful ideas that can better the earth and it's people. Hydroponics is a soiless agriculture that was originally used for growing plants in the winter. Hydroponic agriculture is also known as soiless agriculture, nutriculture, or chemical culture. Hydroponic plants can be gardened in several different ways. Hydroponics uses different nutrient solutions to ensure better plant life. Plants need nutrients and moisture to survive and soil provides this. When hydroponic gardening is used these necessities increase and the plant lives a fuller and more beautiful life. As it was already mentioned, the advantages of hydroponic gardening are great. It was also already mentioned that hydroponic gardening reduces the amount of space used and can be grown all year long. But this is only the beginning of the advantages of hydroponic gardening. People who have hydroponic gardens don't have to put up with soil-borne pests and diseases and they don't have to pull any weeds. Food crops grow and mature at a much faster rate in non-soi...

Definition and Examples of Subordination in English

Definition and Examples of Subordination in English Subordination in English grammar is the process of linking two clauses in a sentence so that one clause is dependent on (or subordinate to) another. Clauses joined by coordination are called main clauses  or independent clauses. This is in contrast to subordination, in which a subordinate clause (for example, an adverb clause or an adjective clause) is attached to the main clause. Clausal subordination is often (but not always) indicated by a subordinating conjunction  in the case of adverb clauses or a relative pronoun  in the case of adjective clauses. Examples and Observations In the sentence, I swear that I didnt dream it, where one clause is part of the other, we have subordination. The higher clause, i.e., the whole sentence, is the main clause and the lower clause is a sub-clause. In this case, there is an element which actually marks explicitly the beginning of the subordinate clause, namely that. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010) Adverbial Subordinate Clauses While Fern was in school, Wilbur was shut up inside his yard. (E.B. White, Charlottes Web. Harper, 1952)  All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. (George Orwell, Animal Farm. Secker and Warburg, 1945)One summer morning, after I had swept the dirt yard of leaves, spearmint-gum wrappers, and Vienna-sausage labels, I raked the yellow-red dirt, and made half-moons carefully, so that the design stood out clearly and masklike. (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)[U]nless one is inordinately fond of subordination, one is always at war. (Philip Roth, The Dying Animal. Houghton Mifflin, 2001) Adjectival Subordinate Clauses Fern . . . found an old milking stool that had been discarded, and she placed the stool in the sheepfold next to Wilburs pen. (E.B. White, Charlottes Web. Harper, 1952)Moses, who was Mr. Joness especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. (George Orwell, Animal Farm. Secker and Warburg, 1945)We lived with our grandmother and uncle in the rear of the Store (it was always spoken of with a capital s), which she had owned some twenty-five years. (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)In the cutting room, there were twenty-five men at work, about six to a table, and the Swede led her over to the oldest of them, whom he introduced as the Master. (Philip Roth, American Pastoral. Houghton Mifflin, 1997) Analyzing Subordinate Structures Subordination-heavy sentences are probably our most common type of sentence, either spoken or written, though they are more complicated than they may seem at first glance. In fact, this sentence by Thomas Cahill seems quite ordinary until we examine it more closely: In the time-honored fashion of the ancient world, he opens the book at random, intending to receive as a divine message the first sentence his eyes should fall upon. - How the Irish Saved Civilization (57) Cahills basic sentence about St. Augustine is he opened the book. But the sentence begins with two orienting prepositional phrases (In the time-honored fashion and of the ancient world) and adds detail at the end with a prepositional phrase (at random) and a participial phrase (intending . . .). There is also an infinitive phrase (to receive . . .) and a subordinate clause (his eyes should fall upon). For the reader, comprehending this sentence is much simpler than describing it. (Donna Gorrell, Style and Difference. Houghton Mifflin, 2005) Cognitive Relations [T]he notion of subordination will be defined here exclusively in functional terms. Subordination will be regarded as a particular way to construe the cognitive relation between two events, such that one of them (which will be called the dependent event) lacks an autonomous profile, and is construed in the perspective of the other event (which will be called the main event). This definition is largely based on the one provided in Langacker (1991: 435-7). For instance, in Langackers terms, the English sentence in (1.3), (1.3) After she drank the wine, she went to sleep. profiles the event of going to sleep, not the event of drinking the wine. . . . What matters here is that the definition pertains to cognitive relations between events, not any particular clause type. This means that the notion of subordination is independent of the way in which clause linkage is realized across languages. (Sonia Cristofaro,  Subordination. Oxford University Press, 2003) Subordination and the Evolution of Languages Many languages make very sparse use of clause subordination while making much freer use of clause conjoining. We can extrapolate that the earliest languages had only juxtaposition of clauses, then developed markers of coordination of clauses (like and), and only later, perhaps much later, developed ways of signaling that one clause was intended to be understood as playing a role inside the interpretation of another, i.e. marking subordination of clauses. (James R. Hurford, The Origins of Language. Oxford University Press, 2014)

Yamaha Marketing Channels Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Yamaha Marketing Channels - Research Paper Example When the Company started, it manufactured auto parts, scooters, sewing machines and even three wheeled motors. However, due to the stiff competition from other manufacturers of these machines, the Yamaha Company specialized on the production of motorcycle. In the year 1954, the first model of Yamaha motorbike (YA-1) was complete. After a rigorous road test of the this motorbike, the founders of Yamaha Company built a factory too start the mass manufacturing of the YA-1 motorbike at a place called Nipon Gakki. On first of July 1955, the Yamaha Motor Co., LTD was founded. During that year, the Company had over 270 who were able to manufacture 200 YA-1 motorcycles in one month. This fast growth influenced the company to engage its motor cycles into the two top races in Japan; the Asma Highlands race and the Fuji mountain race. In the year 1956, the Company came up with another model; the YC1, followed by YD-1 in the year 1957. Two year after Yamaha’s engagement in motorbike races , they made a step into the International racing in the year 1958. They finished in the sixth position in the Catalina Grand Prix, and became the first Japanese motorbike to compete in an International race. The participation of Yamaha in the Catalina grand Prix gave this brand an international recognition, since many people worldwide began appreciating the Yamaha technology, especially in the USA (Smokie, 2013). That same year, the Company began marketing their own machines independently in the United States of America. Two years later after this venture, an American motor Company, The Cooper Motors, started selling the YD-1 and the MF-1 bikes from the Yamaha Motor Co., LTD. This continued up to the year 1960, when the Yamaha International Company begun advertising motorcycles in the United States of America through merchants. Having explored the motorcycle market, Genichi, the President of Yamaha International, began focusing on manufacturing of outboard boats and the Yamaha motor boats (Smokie Riders, 2013). In 1966, the Yamaha Company opened motorcycle-manufacturing industries in Mexico and Thailand. In late 1960s, Yamaha produced an off road motorcycle, DT-1 model. This off road model brought a very huge impact in the motorbike industry in the United States and was a very big success to the Yamaha Company. In the year 1972, the Toyota and Yamaha Companies came together and designed the Toyota 200 GT. With more inventions in the Yamaha International, the Company continued to grow in terms of the machines they manufactured. Among the machines that they created since then includes; race kart engines, snowmobiles, ATVs, generators, scooters, and personal watercraft. The greatness of the Yamaha International Company is attributed to its first President, Mr. Genichi Kawakami, who believed that, production of goods with character and honesty in service to the clients is the key to success of any business. Activities of Yamaha International Corporation Apart from manufacturing of electronics and automobiles, the Yamaha Company has engaged in so many activities. The Company is involved in sporting activities where they participate in motorbike racing competition (Yamaha Motor Co., 2013). The Company aims at promoting sporting activities in Japan, for example, the Japanese Rugby Team. They are actively involved in operating training schools for young sportsmen for yachting, soccer, and rugby. After sale services is another activity that the Yamaha Company offers to its customers. Raw materials and the Manufacturers of Yamaha The products of Yamaha Company are made of metal alloys, wood, and plastic and rubber materials. The Company uses metal alloys in the manufacturing of its pianos, for example, the acoustic pianos that is

What is a strategic control system what role does accounting play in a Essay

What is a strategic control system what role does accounting play in a strategic control system are the strategic management accounting in Caterpillar effecti - Essay Example The process can be considered as a fundamental due to the fact that it involves even the strategic management accounting as one of the essential aspects. Basically SMA is one of the specializing areas in strategic control systems due to the fact that it deals primarily on management accounting issues specifically by using data and information related to finances and accounting (SMA Supplementary Notes 2-3). The strategic control management then can be considered essential in the operation of the whole system and in the specific aspects of the operation as well. In relation to management accounting, the said process can be considered to be involved in the study of the different groups involved in the market along with the market’s behaviour, the determination of most effective solutions and implementation of the said strategies (SMA Supplementary Notes 3). The main role of strategic control system in accounting is evident in the dimensions covered by the SMA. Specifically, it is the planning of possible projects and implementations of different plans related to financial issues. Due to the characteristic of being strategic, there are different alternatives and contingencies that are presented to ensure the success of the operation. It is important to consider though that management accounting is not the sole field wherein strategic control system is involve. Although majority of the companies concentrate on the strategies to improve and achieve profits for the company, the coverage of the system is extensive due to the involvement in different aspects and departments of the company or organization. Based on the study by Ittner & Larcker, the main processes included in the strategic control system are the strategic implementation process, the internal and the external monitoring (3). The said processes are applied

The Theatre of Marcellus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Theatre of Marcellus - Essay Example Today, there are a number of theories regarding what is architecture and they continue to change with time, material, usage of the structure and so forth. To help limit our discussion, Vitruvius provides us with three basic elements of design that must be considered when attempting to understand architecture. These include utility, flexibility and beauty. â€Å"By utility, Vitruvius means the functional arrangement of rooms and spaces so that there is no hindrance to use and so that a building is perfectly adjusted to its site. Firmness referred to foundations that were solid and to building materials being used wisely to do their required work. Beauty meant that ‘the appearance of the work is pleasing and in good taste, and [that] its members are in due proportion according to correct principles of symmetry† (Roth 11). These three principles will be taken into account in an examination of the architecture of the ancient Theatre of Marcellus as it existed within its cont emporary society and as it has influenced architecture into the future. Social life in ancient Rome was full of spectacle including triumphal processions, aristocratic funerals, public banquets, gladiatorial contests, wild beast shows, athletic competitions and chariot races. â€Å"As a whole, this pervasive culture of spectacle served both as a vehicle for self-advertisement by the sociopolitical elite and as a means of reinforcing the shared values and institutions of the entire community† (Klar, 2006). One form of entertainment that had long-term impact upon the citizens of the city was the theatre. â€Å"According to the ancient historian Livy, the earliest theatrical activity at Rome took the form of dances with musical accompaniment, introduced to the city by the Etruscans in 364 BC† (Klar, 2006). Full length plays were introduced by 240 BC through the comedies and tragedies of

Comparison of Housing Loans from SBM and UBI

Comparison of Housing Loans from SBM and UBI This research article is aimed to compare and critically analyse the housing loan schemes offered by State Bank of Mysore and Union Bank of India, Bangalore Branch, India OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY To recognize and evaluate literature relevant to the theories of home loans. To evaluate the general awareness of the various schemes currently offered by HFCs / banks and the purpose of which housing loan are given. To perform comparative analysis for housing loan schemes for State Bank of India and Union Bank of India. To study the documentation process in HFCs (Housing Finance Companies) and critically evaluate problem faced by clients during the process of lending housing finance in banks. To assess and suggest appropriate Conclusions and Recommendations with regards to housing loan schemes offered by SBM or UBI Bank to the customers. Introduction This article explains the housing loan schemes offered by banks in order to bolster the current housing finance situation in India and to taper down the margin between the housing demand and the availability of houses, The National Housing Bank was set up in the year 1988. This was done by keeping in mind that a home seeker though does have a desire for a house but lacks the resources for construction or buying it. To give an enhancement to private housing finance institutions the National Housing Bank came into the picture. It is a principal agency to promote housing finance institutions both at local and regional levels and to provide financial and other support to such institutions. While it is important to keep in mind that the National housing Bank itself does not give loans or finance individuals or a party as such. It is only a corporate body to promote, establish, support or aid the housing finance institutions.   India have been serving the people for around three decades and providing various housing loan schemes according to the customers various needs at attractive and reasonable interest rates. In order to facilitate the best housing loan schemes at the least interest rate this research article will help in critically evaluating and comparing the schemes of housing loan for two banks i.e. State Bank Of India and Union Bank of India, Bangalore, India in order to know the best offers provided by the banks as well their performances in order to retain in competition within marketplace. This research article analyses the effectiveness and efficiency of housing loan schemes provided by SBM and UBI bank which will provide its customers a attractive interest rates in on housing loan. Company Overview of SBM and UBI State Bank of Mysore was formed as Bank of Mysore Ltd. in 1913 under the benefaction of the former Government. Of Mysore, on the illustration of the banking commission headed by the great Engineer-Statesman,  Late Dr. Sir M.Visvesvaraya. Subsequently, in March 1960, the Bank became an Associate of State Bank of India. State Bank of India holds 92.33% of shares. The Banks shares are listed in Bangalore, Chennai, and Mumbai stock exchanges. Branch Network The Bank has a widespread network of six hundred eighty two only (682) branches (as on 30.09.2009) and 20 extension counters spread all over India which includes 5 specialised SSI branches, 4 Industrial Finance branches, 3 Corporate Accounts Branches, 4 specialised Personal Banking Branches, 10 Agricultural Development Branches, 3 Treasury branches, 1 Asset Recovery Branch and 8 Service Branches, offering wide range of services to the customers. Human Resources The Bank has a dedicated workforce of 9720 employees consisting of 3169 supervisory staff, 6551 non-supervisory staff (as on 31.03.2008). The skill and competence of the employees have been kept updated to meet the requirement of our customers keeping in view the changes in the environment. (Source: http://www.statebankofmysore.co.in/profile.htm) Union Bank of India UBI Bank is consistently dedicated to bind and maintain its distinctiveness as a foremost, pioneering cost-effective Bank, by means of a down to business approach to the shifting requirements of the general public. A extensive scale of goods and services has been resulted and also made accessible to its precious customers to cater the least of their requirements. Today, with its well-organized, value-added services, continual intensification, reliable productivity and expansion of innovative technology, UBI bank has ensured comprehensive shopper delight, keeping up its image,  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“GOOD QUALITY POPULACE TO BANK WITHâ‚ ¬?.   The key to the triumph of any organisation lies with its personnel or manpower. No wonder, UBI dedicated tem of dynamic and enthusiastic skilled personnel consists of 26000 thousand employee who contribute to the maximum in order to ensure growth for UBI. The bank went for Initial Public offer (IPO) on 20th august 2002 which was followed by the publi c offer made on February 2006.Government of India holds fifty five percent (55.43%) share capital of Union Bank the current share capital holding of the bank is forty four point five seven percent 44.57 % which includes Individuals and Others. Reason behind choosing the topic for the study Housing is the one of the main priority sector needs a lot attention now days the interest rate of the housing loan is raising very high customers are worried about the rates due to indefinite fluctuation. This study is about the comparison of the various schemes and the interest rate of the two banks State Bank of Mysore and Union Bank of India. After this study we will be able to know that which bank is more convenient in the lending of loan. Different schemes of the bank are convenient in different manner according to customers priority. The study is important also in case of comparison of the many other banks schemes to these two banks. Literature Review Meaning of Loan: Loan is a method of lending under which bank gives credit to a borrower for a fixed period and for a specific purpose. Loan are promises for future payment, they have to be repaid in periods beyond a year and are therefore long-term liabilities 3.3Types of Loan: Generally bank grant loans for different period like shorts, medium and long and for different purpose. Broadly, the loans granted by banks are classified follows Bank Loans (1) Short-term Loans: Short-term loans are granted to meet the working capital needs of the borrowers. These loans are granted against the securities of tangible assets mainly the movable assets like goods and commodities, share debenture, etc. (2) Term Loans: Medium and long-term loans are usually called term loans. These loans are granted for more than a year and are meant for purchase of capital assets for the establishment of new units and for expansion or diversification of an existing unit. Loan Procedure: Generally various banks adopt following procedure for loan. Appraisal of Loan Submit the Application Documentation Convene to loan applicant To Issue Draft or Pay order Submit the Application: First of all the loan borrower should submit application to the particular bank. The borrower is required to fill out a common application form, which seeks comprehensive information about proprietors and loan borrowers back ground and his business network and as well as his cost of project and economic consideration. Appraisal of Loan: The bank follows good appraisal system for effective lending and to make easy repay in future way. The main task of the lending bank is to make sure that the income generated from the loan is sufficient to repay the loan installments according to the terms and conditions of amortization. The risk involved in term lending is much more than the risk in short-term lending because the loans are given to new undertaking, or for the modernization and expansion of existing undertaking and for loan period. Before sanctioning any loan a banker should assure himself that the borrowing concern shall be able to earn sufficient income to pay the loan installments. The methods of analysis and standard to be adopted for an appraisal of loan are more similar to investment decision than to short-term lending. The appraisal of loan included projection of future trends of output, sales estimated of costs, returns and flow of funds. It is extremely difficult to have a clever cut formula for the appraisal of term loan since many factors have to be considered such as the type of borrowing bank and its activities, the markets potential, its management, and financial position. The amount of loan and the period of its repayment. Another important factor is whether to give weight age to profitability or to its broad economic significance in the development of the economy. A term loan may be appraised by considering four different aspects of the proposal. They are: Technical feasibility Economic feasibility Managerial competence Financial feasibility Documentation: After completing the step of submit the application and appraisal system of loan. Then loan applicant should collect the document for borrowing loan, every documents and requirement are needed according to the co-operative bank rate. If the loan applicant wants to borrow loan of huge amount, so at a time strong documents are presented by loan applicant against bank like evident of shareholders, original and photocopy of propertys documents, photocopy last three years income tax returns file, etc. if loan applicants has no any recommendation from share holder so firstly the bank becoming share holders of his bank by issuing share to them, so above types of documents are used to borrow loan and advances from the bank. Convene to Loan Application: After collecting the necessary documents, an officer of the recipient bank review it to ascertain whether it is complete for processing, when the application is considered complete. Then the co-operative bank held meeting of his loan applicant and sanctioned the particular loan. Generally this meeting is convened on Monday and Thursdays in every week. Otherwise expected it in other contingent situation and gives date, day and time for delaying particular meeting. To Issue Draft or Pay order: At the last stage is that, after convening of loan applicant and sanctioning loan, borrower should pay its stamp duty, margin and one installment of loan, then in the stamp document or stamp procedure. Then bank gives to them pay order or draft. If the any loan borrowers want to purchase machinery or vehicle from out of city so he need quotation of that particular company, and finally bank made draft of companys name otherwise if the quotation of city area so at a time the co-operative bank made pay order of companys name. Them it gives to company through loan applicant. Thus above procedure is followed by the loan applicant, who wants to borrow loan from banks and satisfied his goal or objectives. 1.) In December 2006 Fulbag Singh and Reema Sharma had studied about the housing Finance in India. Housing, as one of the three basic needs of life, always remains on the top priority of any person, economy, government and society at large. In India, majority of the population lives in slums and shabby shelters in rural areas. From the last decade, the Government of India has been continuously trying to strengthen the housing sector by introducing various housing loan schemes for rural and urban population. The first attempt in this regard was the National Housing Policy (NHP), which was introduced in 1988. The National Housing Bank (NHB) was set up in 1988 as an apex institution for housing finance and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The main objective of the bank is to promote and establish the housing financial institutions in the country as well as to provide refinance facilities to housing finance corporations and scheduled commercial banks. Moreover, f or the salaried section, the tax rebates on housing loans have been introduced. The paper is based on the case study of LIC Housing Finance Ltd., which analyzes region-wise disbursements of individual house loans, their portfolio amounts and the defaults for the last ten years, i.e., from 1995-96 to 2004-05 by working out relevant ratios in terms of percentages and the compound annual growth rates. A relevant chart has also been prepared to highlight the results. 2) In May 18, 2007 Michael La Cour-Little had studied about the Economic Factors Affecting Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Reporting. The public release of the 20042005 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data raised a number of questions given the increase in the number and percentage of higher-priced home mortgage loans and continued differentials across demographic groups. Here we assess three possible explanations for the observed increase in 2005 over 2004: (1) changes in lender business practices; (2) changes in the risk profile of borrowers; and (3) changes in the yield curve environment. Results suggest that after controlling for the mix of loan types, credit risk factors, and the yield curve, there was no statistically significant increase in reportable volume for loans originated directly by lenders during 2005, though indirect, wholesale originations did significantly increase. Finally, given a model of the factors affecting results for 2004-2005, we predict that 2006 results will c ontinue to show an increase in the percentage of loans that are higher priced when final numbers are released in September 2007 3.) â‚ ¬Ã…“The housing finance market has been consistently exhibiting rapid growth in the past few years. Growth has been largely concentrated on urban areas and in the middle to high income groups, focusing on the salaried class. This growth was partly fuelled by the entry of commercial banks seeking asset growth in a sluggish business environment coupled with the tax incentives on housing loans. The banks, with their lower cost of funds, extensive branch network, capability to provide a range of personal banking services and aided by the average low default rates in housing finance, could expand the market considerably. They however, continued to focus on middle to higher income groups. Lower income groups, self employed and the rural population are by and large excluded. While the middle and higher income groups may continue to access conventional housing finance, increasing attention will need to be paid to the needs of the underservedâ‚ ¬?. (Source: Saravanan P. Recent Experiences in the Housing Finance Sector A Study with Reference to India.  Housing Finance International  [serial online]. September 2007; 21(5):45-48. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed June 17, 2010) 4.) The innovations in housing finance systems in advanced economies over the past two decades have altered the role of housing sector in business cycle and in the monetary transmission mechanism. It concludes that these changes have spilovers from the hosuing sector to the rest of the economy and have amplified their impact by strengthening the role of housing as collateral. This analysis suggests in economies were developed mortgage markets, monetary policymakers may need to respond over aggressively to developments in housing sectors, within a risk-management approach that treats house price dynamics as one of the key factors to be considered in assuming balnce of risks to output and influence. (Source: World Economic Outlook(International Monetary fund), 2008, ISBN 978-1-58906-719-6) 5.) Today, the housing finance market has evolved into an oligolpolistic structure (SSKI, 20606) with three dominant providers-DFC, the largest housing company, ICICI bank the largest private sector bank, State Bank of India the largest bank in country. According to SSKI India research estimation in 200, the three leading housing credit providers accounted for approximately 75 of the market. Only a few foreign banks are involved and they tend to focus on High net worth individuals.Towards the end of 2005, India saw a graduate inching uo of interest rates. Despite this, close to 85 % of housing credit customers still prefer floating rate of interest.(Source: Housing Finance mechanism in India, 2008, ISBN- 978-92-1-131970-5, [emailprotected] United Nations Human Settlement Programme 2008) 6.) â‚ ¬Ã…“As per a article report published in wall street the trend in housing sector in India as on February 20,2008 were heading for a slowdown. The withdrawal of an Initial Public offering (IPO) by Emaar MGF Pvt. Ltd is an indication of difficulties companies worldwide are having in tapping market. (Source: Kilbinger, Sara Seddon. India Faces Housing Slowdown.  Wall Street Journal Eastern Edition  20 Feb. 2008: B7.  Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 17 June 2010) 7.) â‚ ¬Ã…“The housing market in the Indian metropolitan city of Bangalore. Some problems of housing finance from the viewpoints of families and of public authorities are indicated. It is argued that it is these financial problems that make access difficult for the poorer half of the population of Bangalore to forms of housing other than inner city slums or urban fringe informal housing. Public housing with its unrealistic standards of service provision, but especially its high initial access costs is not well designed to meet the needs of the majority of families. The paper concludes that unless public housing authorities emulate the private housing market they will continue to play a marginal role in housing in a city such as Bangalore. There are signs that this is happening in India with experimentation in both housing finance and lower service standard. (Source: Blore, Ian. Housing and the working class in an Indian metropolis.  Public Administration Development  9.5 (1 989): 557-568.Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 17 June 2010.) 8.) The housing sector in India for several decades faced a number of set-backs, such as an unorganized market, development disparities, a compartmentalized development approach and a deterrent rent control system. There was not even a concerted attempt to understand the housing problem let alone promote it. Reforms introduced in the sector during the 1990s, however, have overturned the situation to a great extent. The designing of a shelter policy, the organization of the housing finance market, the introduction of fiscal incentives, increased public investment, legal reforms and others initiatives have brought about a number of changes in the housing sector. Interestingly, these changes have been concerned with both reducing the housing shortage and increasing the number of quality housing stock besides increased access to various other housing amenities like safe drinking water, good sanitation and household electricity. However, the reform initiatives of the housing sector need t o take deep roots and to go a long way to address the growing incidence of sub-standard and dilapidated housing stock for further minimizing the deprivations of housing amenities. This paper considers a few policy options towards addressing the challenges of the housing sector. (Source: Mahadeva M. Reforms in housing sector in India: impact on housing development and housing amenities.  Habitat International[serial online]. September 2006;30(3):412-433. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed June 17, 2010) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT EMI- Equated Monthly Installment is what a loaner pays the Banks every month towards repayment of loan. It is comprises of principle and interest. EMI = L * r (1 + r) n x 1 (1 + r) n â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 12 Interest rate- It is the amount which banks charge along with the principal amount per year on the basis of fixed rate or floating rate. UBI- Union Bank of India SBM- State Bank of Mysore HFC- Housing Finance Company METHODOLOGY The study dwells on both secondary and primary data. The primary data is collected through interviewing staffs of the banks, secondary data is collected through past details of the Housing finance structure, reports, pamphlets, brochures etc Primary research is form of research which includes the gathering of new data using an acknowledged research method. This could be in form of opinion poll, questionaaire, telephonic interviews or personal interview etc For this research article the author has chosen to carry out primary research by collecting data in form of questionnaire or by interviewing SBM and UBI with the support of bank officials or staff members of bank. Secondary Research is referred to data which is not a original creation. This form of data is already available to a researcher in order to carry out the research process in form of websites, journals or newspapers or company annual reports. How Primary data can be collected: 1.) Questionnaire or Opinion Polls: Questionnaire or opinion polls are intended to gather primary data from a sample taken into consideration, with a aim to critically evaluate or analyse the data in form of tabulated results e.g. stastical data or even by simplifying the results in form of a inference of the numeric data. Questionnaire can be performed in several ways such as telephonic interview, Emails, Online surveys or face to face. These methods of opinion polls are elaborated in broader perspective: Telephone interview: This is the most important and widely accepted method of collecting the original and accurate data for resolving the complex issues and providing the accurate solutions. Merit: From the author point of view the main merit of this method is that its more time consuming and a person can explain views more easily which they cannot do sometime face to f ace. Demerit: The demerit of this method could be that the rejection for telephonic interview which doesnt allow the researcher to receive any data for the research. Online Surveys: Surveys nowadays most commonly and widely accepted method of research as it can be presented in many dimension and can be analysed and interpreted based on the requirement of the person and also can be presented in form of tabulation sheets or some analytical software. Merit: This method is very advantageous as a researcher can have a global access from the respondent and its more faster and accurate and easy to administer. Demerit: For this method to have access a user must be well versed with computers as well as its more global method a user should ahve access to internet so that could be a biggest drawback in order to collect data if the respondent dont have knowledge or access to these resources. Personal interview: This form of method is acceptable by everyone as its being designed and implemented based on the convenience of the respondent. A respondent can choose their timing to answer the questionnaires as well its helps in solving the complex issues as it provides the accurate data as well a discussion about the analysis of data from the respondent Merit: The main advantage of face-to-face or direct interviews is that the researcher can accommodate the questions as necessary, classify doubts and ensure that the responses are properly understood, by repeating or rephrasing the questions. The researcher can identify nonverbal clues from the respondent. Disadvantages: The main disadvantage of face-to-face interviews is that geographical limitations may impose restrictions on the surveys and the vast resources that would be needed if such surveys need to be done nationally or internationally. Respondents may feel uneasy about their privacy of their responses when they interact face-to-face with the interviewer. Postal Interview: The most commonly used method of distribution which is fairly easy to administer. The questionnaire and the covering letter will be posted to the sample, usually with a prepaid envelope for returning the completed questionnaire. For this medium short questionnaire will be used. Advantages: A wide geographical area can be covered with the use of postal interview. The respondents use their convenience to fill the form at their own pace. Anonymity of respondents is high. Disadvantages: Any doubts that respondents have cannot be clarified. The return rates of mail questionarres are typically low. Follow up procedures for non responses are necessary in postal interviews. Sampling: Survey provides representative information about a group from which sample was drawn. This qualitative research will involve nonrandom sampling or non-probability sampling where everyone in the population will not have an equal chance to be chosen as part of a sample. The non-probability samples provide good estimates of a population characteristic. Target Population: The target population of my sample will include all bank employees of IS bank. The recruitment of individuals for participation will require the selection of individuals who are employees of IS bank. The sample for the research survey will be selected mostly by these methods: Convenience Sampling: This will be used to identify bank employees who are willing and available for the research survey. As most of the bank employees will be working and will not be available for questioning convenience sampling would be a better choice. Snowballing: This sampling method will be used to identify the first participant. Then that first participant will be asked to refer to other participants with similar characteristics. I have used this method to select bank employees and their friends. It is easier to get representatives for research through this method that has same characteristics. Secondary data can be obtained by: Comparative Case studies: I will go through case studies of competitors who are offering mortgage products in the Turkey market. This will help in understanding their strategies and policies. It will also help in understanding about how they achieve their goal. It will also help in identifying the challenges they faced during marketing their products. Comparative Case Studies helps in comparing two industries and understanding their shortfalls. Hypothesis Since the interest rate on home loan is frequently changing and it is expected that it will rise again by the end of the year 2010. Customers who want to take loan for a long time i.e. more than 15 years and also the big amount are really worried about the payment of high EMI. The problem is mainly for salaried class people who are unable to pay the EMI fixed by the banks on their monthly salary. As the fixed rate of interest is 12.5% now customers are suggested to take loan on floating rate of interest. So hypothesis will be based on the current and future trend of the interest rates of the banks. Analysis of Data Data for analysis will be present in following ways in order to carry out the research as well to do comparative analysis for the subject by giving information in different perspective. Frequency tables  Ã‚   Bar charts, histograms and pie charts  Ã‚   Contingency tables or cross-tabulations   Quantitative and Qualitative data: Qualitative data is form of data which includes the fact and figures such as financial report of a company and Quantitative data is a form of data which can be used analyse the data which is in form of questionnaire and surveys which help in order to analyse the current situation of company and provide the better solutions for company. For this research article author will be using both the data Quantitative as well Qualitative as the research includes both data collection numeric data as well survey or questionnaire data. 3). LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY If there are advantages of study then obviously there are limitations of that study also. So, some limitations of this study are: This is basically an academic study suffers from time and money constraints. The other limitation includes the sample size, which is small. Analyses of only two banks are done rather than more banks Study is limited to local area of Bangalore, India Since banks are not willing to disclose their client details so the availed information is limited to report, pamphlet, brochure etc. SCOPE OF STUDY The study mainly deals with Housing Finance Sectors. The two important sectors identified for this purpose are companies and client of public and private Housing finance sector in Bangalore, India. AREA OF THE STUDY The study is limited to only one branch of both banks i.e. UBI and SBM situated in Bangalore due to time, money and information availability constraints. Ethics As the research article is focused on banking industry the confedentiaity of the data will be used for academic purposes within the field of study that is housing schemes of two banks and as per the accordance of business ethics. Comparison of Housing Loans from SBM and UBI Comparison of Housing Loans from SBM and UBI This research article is aimed to compare and critically analyse the housing loan schemes offered by State Bank of Mysore and Union Bank of India, Bangalore Branch, India OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY To recognize and evaluate literature relevant to the theories of home loans. To evaluate the general awareness of the various schemes currently offered by HFCs / banks and the purpose of which housing loan are given. To perform comparative analysis for housing loan schemes for State Bank of India and Union Bank of India. To study the documentation process in HFCs (Housing Finance Companies) and critically evaluate problem faced by clients during the process of lending housing finance in banks. To assess and suggest appropriate Conclusions and Recommendations with regards to housing loan schemes offered by SBM or UBI Bank to the customers. Introduction This article explains the housing loan schemes offered by banks in order to bolster the current housing finance situation in India and to taper down the margin between the housing demand and the availability of houses, The National Housing Bank was set up in the year 1988. This was done by keeping in mind that a home seeker though does have a desire for a house but lacks the resources for construction or buying it. To give an enhancement to private housing finance institutions the National Housing Bank came into the picture. It is a principal agency to promote housing finance institutions both at local and regional levels and to provide financial and other support to such institutions. While it is important to keep in mind that the National housing Bank itself does not give loans or finance individuals or a party as such. It is only a corporate body to promote, establish, support or aid the housing finance institutions.   India have been serving the people for around three decades and providing various housing loan schemes according to the customers various needs at attractive and reasonable interest rates. In order to facilitate the best housing loan schemes at the least interest rate this research article will help in critically evaluating and comparing the schemes of housing loan for two banks i.e. State Bank Of India and Union Bank of India, Bangalore, India in order to know the best offers provided by the banks as well their performances in order to retain in competition within marketplace. This research article analyses the effectiveness and efficiency of housing loan schemes provided by SBM and UBI bank which will provide its customers a attractive interest rates in on housing loan. Company Overview of SBM and UBI State Bank of Mysore was formed as Bank of Mysore Ltd. in 1913 under the benefaction of the former Government. Of Mysore, on the illustration of the banking commission headed by the great Engineer-Statesman,  Late Dr. Sir M.Visvesvaraya. Subsequently, in March 1960, the Bank became an Associate of State Bank of India. State Bank of India holds 92.33% of shares. The Banks shares are listed in Bangalore, Chennai, and Mumbai stock exchanges. Branch Network The Bank has a widespread network of six hundred eighty two only (682) branches (as on 30.09.2009) and 20 extension counters spread all over India which includes 5 specialised SSI branches, 4 Industrial Finance branches, 3 Corporate Accounts Branches, 4 specialised Personal Banking Branches, 10 Agricultural Development Branches, 3 Treasury branches, 1 Asset Recovery Branch and 8 Service Branches, offering wide range of services to the customers. Human Resources The Bank has a dedicated workforce of 9720 employees consisting of 3169 supervisory staff, 6551 non-supervisory staff (as on 31.03.2008). The skill and competence of the employees have been kept updated to meet the requirement of our customers keeping in view the changes in the environment. (Source: http://www.statebankofmysore.co.in/profile.htm) Union Bank of India UBI Bank is consistently dedicated to bind and maintain its distinctiveness as a foremost, pioneering cost-effective Bank, by means of a down to business approach to the shifting requirements of the general public. A extensive scale of goods and services has been resulted and also made accessible to its precious customers to cater the least of their requirements. Today, with its well-organized, value-added services, continual intensification, reliable productivity and expansion of innovative technology, UBI bank has ensured comprehensive shopper delight, keeping up its image,  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“GOOD QUALITY POPULACE TO BANK WITHâ‚ ¬?.   The key to the triumph of any organisation lies with its personnel or manpower. No wonder, UBI dedicated tem of dynamic and enthusiastic skilled personnel consists of 26000 thousand employee who contribute to the maximum in order to ensure growth for UBI. The bank went for Initial Public offer (IPO) on 20th august 2002 which was followed by the publi c offer made on February 2006.Government of India holds fifty five percent (55.43%) share capital of Union Bank the current share capital holding of the bank is forty four point five seven percent 44.57 % which includes Individuals and Others. Reason behind choosing the topic for the study Housing is the one of the main priority sector needs a lot attention now days the interest rate of the housing loan is raising very high customers are worried about the rates due to indefinite fluctuation. This study is about the comparison of the various schemes and the interest rate of the two banks State Bank of Mysore and Union Bank of India. After this study we will be able to know that which bank is more convenient in the lending of loan. Different schemes of the bank are convenient in different manner according to customers priority. The study is important also in case of comparison of the many other banks schemes to these two banks. Literature Review Meaning of Loan: Loan is a method of lending under which bank gives credit to a borrower for a fixed period and for a specific purpose. Loan are promises for future payment, they have to be repaid in periods beyond a year and are therefore long-term liabilities 3.3Types of Loan: Generally bank grant loans for different period like shorts, medium and long and for different purpose. Broadly, the loans granted by banks are classified follows Bank Loans (1) Short-term Loans: Short-term loans are granted to meet the working capital needs of the borrowers. These loans are granted against the securities of tangible assets mainly the movable assets like goods and commodities, share debenture, etc. (2) Term Loans: Medium and long-term loans are usually called term loans. These loans are granted for more than a year and are meant for purchase of capital assets for the establishment of new units and for expansion or diversification of an existing unit. Loan Procedure: Generally various banks adopt following procedure for loan. Appraisal of Loan Submit the Application Documentation Convene to loan applicant To Issue Draft or Pay order Submit the Application: First of all the loan borrower should submit application to the particular bank. The borrower is required to fill out a common application form, which seeks comprehensive information about proprietors and loan borrowers back ground and his business network and as well as his cost of project and economic consideration. Appraisal of Loan: The bank follows good appraisal system for effective lending and to make easy repay in future way. The main task of the lending bank is to make sure that the income generated from the loan is sufficient to repay the loan installments according to the terms and conditions of amortization. The risk involved in term lending is much more than the risk in short-term lending because the loans are given to new undertaking, or for the modernization and expansion of existing undertaking and for loan period. Before sanctioning any loan a banker should assure himself that the borrowing concern shall be able to earn sufficient income to pay the loan installments. The methods of analysis and standard to be adopted for an appraisal of loan are more similar to investment decision than to short-term lending. The appraisal of loan included projection of future trends of output, sales estimated of costs, returns and flow of funds. It is extremely difficult to have a clever cut formula for the appraisal of term loan since many factors have to be considered such as the type of borrowing bank and its activities, the markets potential, its management, and financial position. The amount of loan and the period of its repayment. Another important factor is whether to give weight age to profitability or to its broad economic significance in the development of the economy. A term loan may be appraised by considering four different aspects of the proposal. They are: Technical feasibility Economic feasibility Managerial competence Financial feasibility Documentation: After completing the step of submit the application and appraisal system of loan. Then loan applicant should collect the document for borrowing loan, every documents and requirement are needed according to the co-operative bank rate. If the loan applicant wants to borrow loan of huge amount, so at a time strong documents are presented by loan applicant against bank like evident of shareholders, original and photocopy of propertys documents, photocopy last three years income tax returns file, etc. if loan applicants has no any recommendation from share holder so firstly the bank becoming share holders of his bank by issuing share to them, so above types of documents are used to borrow loan and advances from the bank. Convene to Loan Application: After collecting the necessary documents, an officer of the recipient bank review it to ascertain whether it is complete for processing, when the application is considered complete. Then the co-operative bank held meeting of his loan applicant and sanctioned the particular loan. Generally this meeting is convened on Monday and Thursdays in every week. Otherwise expected it in other contingent situation and gives date, day and time for delaying particular meeting. To Issue Draft or Pay order: At the last stage is that, after convening of loan applicant and sanctioning loan, borrower should pay its stamp duty, margin and one installment of loan, then in the stamp document or stamp procedure. Then bank gives to them pay order or draft. If the any loan borrowers want to purchase machinery or vehicle from out of city so he need quotation of that particular company, and finally bank made draft of companys name otherwise if the quotation of city area so at a time the co-operative bank made pay order of companys name. Them it gives to company through loan applicant. Thus above procedure is followed by the loan applicant, who wants to borrow loan from banks and satisfied his goal or objectives. 1.) In December 2006 Fulbag Singh and Reema Sharma had studied about the housing Finance in India. Housing, as one of the three basic needs of life, always remains on the top priority of any person, economy, government and society at large. In India, majority of the population lives in slums and shabby shelters in rural areas. From the last decade, the Government of India has been continuously trying to strengthen the housing sector by introducing various housing loan schemes for rural and urban population. The first attempt in this regard was the National Housing Policy (NHP), which was introduced in 1988. The National Housing Bank (NHB) was set up in 1988 as an apex institution for housing finance and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The main objective of the bank is to promote and establish the housing financial institutions in the country as well as to provide refinance facilities to housing finance corporations and scheduled commercial banks. Moreover, f or the salaried section, the tax rebates on housing loans have been introduced. The paper is based on the case study of LIC Housing Finance Ltd., which analyzes region-wise disbursements of individual house loans, their portfolio amounts and the defaults for the last ten years, i.e., from 1995-96 to 2004-05 by working out relevant ratios in terms of percentages and the compound annual growth rates. A relevant chart has also been prepared to highlight the results. 2) In May 18, 2007 Michael La Cour-Little had studied about the Economic Factors Affecting Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Reporting. The public release of the 20042005 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data raised a number of questions given the increase in the number and percentage of higher-priced home mortgage loans and continued differentials across demographic groups. Here we assess three possible explanations for the observed increase in 2005 over 2004: (1) changes in lender business practices; (2) changes in the risk profile of borrowers; and (3) changes in the yield curve environment. Results suggest that after controlling for the mix of loan types, credit risk factors, and the yield curve, there was no statistically significant increase in reportable volume for loans originated directly by lenders during 2005, though indirect, wholesale originations did significantly increase. Finally, given a model of the factors affecting results for 2004-2005, we predict that 2006 results will c ontinue to show an increase in the percentage of loans that are higher priced when final numbers are released in September 2007 3.) â‚ ¬Ã…“The housing finance market has been consistently exhibiting rapid growth in the past few years. Growth has been largely concentrated on urban areas and in the middle to high income groups, focusing on the salaried class. This growth was partly fuelled by the entry of commercial banks seeking asset growth in a sluggish business environment coupled with the tax incentives on housing loans. The banks, with their lower cost of funds, extensive branch network, capability to provide a range of personal banking services and aided by the average low default rates in housing finance, could expand the market considerably. They however, continued to focus on middle to higher income groups. Lower income groups, self employed and the rural population are by and large excluded. While the middle and higher income groups may continue to access conventional housing finance, increasing attention will need to be paid to the needs of the underservedâ‚ ¬?. (Source: Saravanan P. Recent Experiences in the Housing Finance Sector A Study with Reference to India.  Housing Finance International  [serial online]. September 2007; 21(5):45-48. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed June 17, 2010) 4.) The innovations in housing finance systems in advanced economies over the past two decades have altered the role of housing sector in business cycle and in the monetary transmission mechanism. It concludes that these changes have spilovers from the hosuing sector to the rest of the economy and have amplified their impact by strengthening the role of housing as collateral. This analysis suggests in economies were developed mortgage markets, monetary policymakers may need to respond over aggressively to developments in housing sectors, within a risk-management approach that treats house price dynamics as one of the key factors to be considered in assuming balnce of risks to output and influence. (Source: World Economic Outlook(International Monetary fund), 2008, ISBN 978-1-58906-719-6) 5.) Today, the housing finance market has evolved into an oligolpolistic structure (SSKI, 20606) with three dominant providers-DFC, the largest housing company, ICICI bank the largest private sector bank, State Bank of India the largest bank in country. According to SSKI India research estimation in 200, the three leading housing credit providers accounted for approximately 75 of the market. Only a few foreign banks are involved and they tend to focus on High net worth individuals.Towards the end of 2005, India saw a graduate inching uo of interest rates. Despite this, close to 85 % of housing credit customers still prefer floating rate of interest.(Source: Housing Finance mechanism in India, 2008, ISBN- 978-92-1-131970-5, [emailprotected] United Nations Human Settlement Programme 2008) 6.) â‚ ¬Ã…“As per a article report published in wall street the trend in housing sector in India as on February 20,2008 were heading for a slowdown. The withdrawal of an Initial Public offering (IPO) by Emaar MGF Pvt. Ltd is an indication of difficulties companies worldwide are having in tapping market. (Source: Kilbinger, Sara Seddon. India Faces Housing Slowdown.  Wall Street Journal Eastern Edition  20 Feb. 2008: B7.  Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 17 June 2010) 7.) â‚ ¬Ã…“The housing market in the Indian metropolitan city of Bangalore. Some problems of housing finance from the viewpoints of families and of public authorities are indicated. It is argued that it is these financial problems that make access difficult for the poorer half of the population of Bangalore to forms of housing other than inner city slums or urban fringe informal housing. Public housing with its unrealistic standards of service provision, but especially its high initial access costs is not well designed to meet the needs of the majority of families. The paper concludes that unless public housing authorities emulate the private housing market they will continue to play a marginal role in housing in a city such as Bangalore. There are signs that this is happening in India with experimentation in both housing finance and lower service standard. (Source: Blore, Ian. Housing and the working class in an Indian metropolis.  Public Administration Development  9.5 (1 989): 557-568.Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 17 June 2010.) 8.) The housing sector in India for several decades faced a number of set-backs, such as an unorganized market, development disparities, a compartmentalized development approach and a deterrent rent control system. There was not even a concerted attempt to understand the housing problem let alone promote it. Reforms introduced in the sector during the 1990s, however, have overturned the situation to a great extent. The designing of a shelter policy, the organization of the housing finance market, the introduction of fiscal incentives, increased public investment, legal reforms and others initiatives have brought about a number of changes in the housing sector. Interestingly, these changes have been concerned with both reducing the housing shortage and increasing the number of quality housing stock besides increased access to various other housing amenities like safe drinking water, good sanitation and household electricity. However, the reform initiatives of the housing sector need t o take deep roots and to go a long way to address the growing incidence of sub-standard and dilapidated housing stock for further minimizing the deprivations of housing amenities. This paper considers a few policy options towards addressing the challenges of the housing sector. (Source: Mahadeva M. Reforms in housing sector in India: impact on housing development and housing amenities.  Habitat International[serial online]. September 2006;30(3):412-433. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed June 17, 2010) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT EMI- Equated Monthly Installment is what a loaner pays the Banks every month towards repayment of loan. It is comprises of principle and interest. EMI = L * r (1 + r) n x 1 (1 + r) n â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 12 Interest rate- It is the amount which banks charge along with the principal amount per year on the basis of fixed rate or floating rate. UBI- Union Bank of India SBM- State Bank of Mysore HFC- Housing Finance Company METHODOLOGY The study dwells on both secondary and primary data. The primary data is collected through interviewing staffs of the banks, secondary data is collected through past details of the Housing finance structure, reports, pamphlets, brochures etc Primary research is form of research which includes the gathering of new data using an acknowledged research method. This could be in form of opinion poll, questionaaire, telephonic interviews or personal interview etc For this research article the author has chosen to carry out primary research by collecting data in form of questionnaire or by interviewing SBM and UBI with the support of bank officials or staff members of bank. Secondary Research is referred to data which is not a original creation. This form of data is already available to a researcher in order to carry out the research process in form of websites, journals or newspapers or company annual reports. How Primary data can be collected: 1.) Questionnaire or Opinion Polls: Questionnaire or opinion polls are intended to gather primary data from a sample taken into consideration, with a aim to critically evaluate or analyse the data in form of tabulated results e.g. stastical data or even by simplifying the results in form of a inference of the numeric data. Questionnaire can be performed in several ways such as telephonic interview, Emails, Online surveys or face to face. These methods of opinion polls are elaborated in broader perspective: Telephone interview: This is the most important and widely accepted method of collecting the original and accurate data for resolving the complex issues and providing the accurate solutions. Merit: From the author point of view the main merit of this method is that its more time consuming and a person can explain views more easily which they cannot do sometime face to f ace. Demerit: The demerit of this method could be that the rejection for telephonic interview which doesnt allow the researcher to receive any data for the research. Online Surveys: Surveys nowadays most commonly and widely accepted method of research as it can be presented in many dimension and can be analysed and interpreted based on the requirement of the person and also can be presented in form of tabulation sheets or some analytical software. Merit: This method is very advantageous as a researcher can have a global access from the respondent and its more faster and accurate and easy to administer. Demerit: For this method to have access a user must be well versed with computers as well as its more global method a user should ahve access to internet so that could be a biggest drawback in order to collect data if the respondent dont have knowledge or access to these resources. Personal interview: This form of method is acceptable by everyone as its being designed and implemented based on the convenience of the respondent. A respondent can choose their timing to answer the questionnaires as well its helps in solving the complex issues as it provides the accurate data as well a discussion about the analysis of data from the respondent Merit: The main advantage of face-to-face or direct interviews is that the researcher can accommodate the questions as necessary, classify doubts and ensure that the responses are properly understood, by repeating or rephrasing the questions. The researcher can identify nonverbal clues from the respondent. Disadvantages: The main disadvantage of face-to-face interviews is that geographical limitations may impose restrictions on the surveys and the vast resources that would be needed if such surveys need to be done nationally or internationally. Respondents may feel uneasy about their privacy of their responses when they interact face-to-face with the interviewer. Postal Interview: The most commonly used method of distribution which is fairly easy to administer. The questionnaire and the covering letter will be posted to the sample, usually with a prepaid envelope for returning the completed questionnaire. For this medium short questionnaire will be used. Advantages: A wide geographical area can be covered with the use of postal interview. The respondents use their convenience to fill the form at their own pace. Anonymity of respondents is high. Disadvantages: Any doubts that respondents have cannot be clarified. The return rates of mail questionarres are typically low. Follow up procedures for non responses are necessary in postal interviews. Sampling: Survey provides representative information about a group from which sample was drawn. This qualitative research will involve nonrandom sampling or non-probability sampling where everyone in the population will not have an equal chance to be chosen as part of a sample. The non-probability samples provide good estimates of a population characteristic. Target Population: The target population of my sample will include all bank employees of IS bank. The recruitment of individuals for participation will require the selection of individuals who are employees of IS bank. The sample for the research survey will be selected mostly by these methods: Convenience Sampling: This will be used to identify bank employees who are willing and available for the research survey. As most of the bank employees will be working and will not be available for questioning convenience sampling would be a better choice. Snowballing: This sampling method will be used to identify the first participant. Then that first participant will be asked to refer to other participants with similar characteristics. I have used this method to select bank employees and their friends. It is easier to get representatives for research through this method that has same characteristics. Secondary data can be obtained by: Comparative Case studies: I will go through case studies of competitors who are offering mortgage products in the Turkey market. This will help in understanding their strategies and policies. It will also help in understanding about how they achieve their goal. It will also help in identifying the challenges they faced during marketing their products. Comparative Case Studies helps in comparing two industries and understanding their shortfalls. Hypothesis Since the interest rate on home loan is frequently changing and it is expected that it will rise again by the end of the year 2010. Customers who want to take loan for a long time i.e. more than 15 years and also the big amount are really worried about the payment of high EMI. The problem is mainly for salaried class people who are unable to pay the EMI fixed by the banks on their monthly salary. As the fixed rate of interest is 12.5% now customers are suggested to take loan on floating rate of interest. So hypothesis will be based on the current and future trend of the interest rates of the banks. Analysis of Data Data for analysis will be present in following ways in order to carry out the research as well to do comparative analysis for the subject by giving information in different perspective. Frequency tables  Ã‚   Bar charts, histograms and pie charts  Ã‚   Contingency tables or cross-tabulations   Quantitative and Qualitative data: Qualitative data is form of data which includes the fact and figures such as financial report of a company and Quantitative data is a form of data which can be used analyse the data which is in form of questionnaire and surveys which help in order to analyse the current situation of company and provide the better solutions for company. For this research article author will be using both the data Quantitative as well Qualitative as the research includes both data collection numeric data as well survey or questionnaire data. 3). LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY If there are advantages of study then obviously there are limitations of that study also. So, some limitations of this study are: This is basically an academic study suffers from time and money constraints. The other limitation includes the sample size, which is small. Analyses of only two banks are done rather than more banks Study is limited to local area of Bangalore, India Since banks are not willing to disclose their client details so the availed information is limited to report, pamphlet, brochure etc. SCOPE OF STUDY The study mainly deals with Housing Finance Sectors. The two important sectors identified for this purpose are companies and client of public and private Housing finance sector in Bangalore, India. AREA OF THE STUDY The study is limited to only one branch of both banks i.e. UBI and SBM situated in Bangalore due to time, money and information availability constraints. Ethics As the research article is focused on banking industry the confedentiaity of the data will be used for academic purposes within the field of study that is housing schemes of two banks and as per the accordance of business ethics.